Learning objectives
Learning of the basis knowledge of binocular vision and correct utilization of diagnostic tests.
Course unit content
The course has two consequential components. One covers the anatomy and physiology of ocular motility and binocularity; the functions of the extrinsic ocular musculature and gaze balance assessment tests. The other the alterations of balance, causes and treatments to manage amblyopia, diplopia and strabismus. This part of the treatment of pathologies goes into detail:
General concepts about ocular imbalance.
Heterophoria: physiopathology. Esophoria and exophoria
Intermittent strabismus and heterophoria
Physiopathology of heterotropia. General concepts about esotropia, exotropia, vertical strabismus and alphabetic syndromes.
Strabismic and/or anisometropic amblyopia: diagnosis, measurement, treatment (patching, penalization), and follow-up.
Nystagmus: physiologic, congenital, acquired.
Oculomotor palsy: congenital, acquired, secondary.
The diplopia, the confusion, and the past-pointing. Study of extraocular muscles, and cranial nerves function.
Examination of ocular motility: cover test, corneal reflexes, pseudo-strabismus.
Incomitant deviation: measurement and diagnosis (cover test, Hess-Lancaster Test, Bielschowski test, examination of diplopia).
The anomalous head position: congenital and acquired.
Examination of binocular vision: suppression in the binocular visual field, retinal rivalry, normal ad anomalous retinal correspondence, stereopsis.
Examination of fixation.
Bibliography
Burian, Hermann M.; Von Noorden, Gunter K.
Binocular vision and ocular motility : theory and management of strabismus / Hermann M. Burian, Gunter K. Von Noorden
Saint Louis [etc.] : Mosby, 1974
RiccardoFrosini.
Diagnosi e terapia dello strabismo e delle anomalie oculomotorie. SEE Editrice Firenze, 1998
Teaching methods
The topics contained in the Programmes of the Modules will be illustrated and discussed during classroom lectures. In specific cases, lectures will be integrated by active teaching through individual and group exercises and practical activities.
Assessment methods and criteria
Achievement of the objectives is ascertained by means of verification of the topics covered in the lectures or during practical exercises. The virification is preferably written for the physiology component and oral for the pathology component. The student's knowledge and understanding of the content will be assessed by means of questions on the topics covered in the course.
